Brain Cortical Regions Analysis

Temporal Lobe Regions

Bankssts (Banks of Superior Temporal Sulcus)
Involved in social cognition (understanding others' intentions, gaze tracking) and language processing.
Superior Temporal
Contains primary auditory cortex and Wernicke's area, responsible for sound processing and language comprehension.
Middle Temporal
Associated with semantic memory, language integration, and motion perception (e.g., determining object motion direction).
Inferior Temporal
Responsible for high-level visual processing, including object recognition and complex shape analysis.
Fusiform
Contains the Fusiform Face Area (FFA), specialized in face recognition and text processing.
Temporal Pole
Integrates emotion and memory, crucial for social cognition and episodic memory recall.
Transverse Temporal (Heschl's Gyrus)
Primary auditory cortex, directly receives auditory signals from the ears.
Parahippocampal
Links hippocampus with cortex, crucial for episodic memory encoding and spatial navigation.

Superior Frontal
Controls executive functions, including planning, decision-making, and attention maintenance.
Rostral Middle Frontal
Involved in cognitive flexibility, task switching, and abstract reasoning.
Caudal Middle Frontal
Associated with working memory and spatial attention.
Medial Orbitofrontal
Evaluates reward value, moral decision-making, and emotion regulation, including regret processing.
Lateral Orbitofrontal
Involved in risk assessment, inhibitory control, and social behavior regulation.
Frontal Pole
Anterior-most part of frontal lobe, responsible for metacognition and long-term goal planning.
Pars Triangularis
Part of Broca's area, dominant in language production and grammar processing.
Pars Opercularis
Related to language motor planning, also part of Broca's area.
Pars Orbitalis
Regulates emotional responses, olfactory processing, and impulse control.

Superior Parietal
Integrates visual and somatosensory information, responsible for spatial orientation and attention allocation.
Inferior Parietal
Includes angular and supramarginal gyri, involved in language comprehension, mathematical ability, and multimodal perception.
Supramarginal
Supports phonological working memory, reading, and tool-use related action simulation.
Postcentral
Primary somatosensory cortex, processes touch, temperature, and pain sensations.
Paracentral
Extends across central sulcus, controls lower limb movement and sensation, including bladder function.

Cuneus
Processes visual information from upper visual field, involved in color and shape recognition.
Lingual
Processes lower visual field input, associated with scene memory and text recognition.
Pericalcarine
Primary visual cortex (V1), receives raw visual signals from retina.
Lateral Occipital
Responsible for object recognition, particularly sensitive to complex shapes.

Caudal Anterior Cingulate
Regulates emotional responses and autonomic functions.
Rostral Anterior Cingulate
Monitors cognitive conflict and error detection, as in Stroop task response inhibition.
Posterior Cingulate
Core region of default mode network, involved in self-referential thinking and episodic memory.
Isthmus Cingulate
Links posterior cingulate with parahippocampal regions, supports memory consolidation.

Corpus Callosum
Largest white matter tract connecting hemispheres, enables interhemispheric communication.
Insula
Processes interoception, pain perception, and social emotions (empathy, disgust).
Precentral
Primary motor cortex, controls contralateral voluntary movements.
Precuneus
Highly active during rest, involved in self-awareness and episodic memory retrieval.
Entorhinal
Major input to hippocampus, contains grid cells for spatial memory formation.